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31 Oct 2017
2021 - powerunits, the FIA’s cards are on the table



The FIA, FOM and current and potential engine manufacturers have convened in Paris today to discuss the forthcoming powerunit regulations for 2021.

The FIA outlined objectives for the future roadmap of the sport, which include a reduction in cost, the inclusion of hybrid technology to maintain manufacturer appeal and an improvement of the sound generated by the cars, in order that the sport still appeal to the fans.

Today’s announcement shares the broad strokes of the new engine, whilst a fully defined framework will be published by the end of 2017. The proposal has been developed by the FIA and FOM, with input from the teams, powerunit suppliers and outside experts as a balance is struck between the engineering challenge and the sporting spectacle.

In order that costs be contained, the full specification of the powerunit will not be defined until the end of 2018, at which point test and development restrictions will be enforced, encouraging manufacturers to continue development of the current powerunits.

The headline facts regarding the 2021 powerunits are as follows

1.6 Litre, V6 Turbo Hybrid
3000rpm higher engine running speed range to improve the sound
Prescriptive internal design parameters to restrict development costs and discourage extreme designs and running conditions
Removal of the MGUH
More powerful MGUK with focus on manual driver deployment in race together with option to save up energy over several laps to give a driver controlled tactical element to racing
Single turbo with dimensional constraints and weight limits
Standard energy store and control electronics
High Level of external prescriptive design to give ‘Plug-And-Play’ engine/chassis/transmission swap capability
Intention to investigate tighter fuel regulations and limits on number of fuels used

The FIA had already made it clear that returning to a V8, 10 or 12 was not an option for the sport as it strives to have some semblance of road relevance and meet emissions targets etc, making it no surprise a V6 has been retained.

What I am slightly shocked by is that given the removal of the MGUH they didn’t choose to use a twin turbo arrangement, especially as this deals with the issue of turbo lag more easily - a prime objective of the MGUH. This would have also changed the pitch of the engine and probably not required such a drastic increase in rpm to both increase noise and overall power delivery.

(I don’t have it confirmed yet but I suspect the 3,000rpm rev limit increase they’re proposing is a removal of the fuel flow limit above 10,500rpm that artificially limits them to around 12,000rpm concurrently, which will allow them to the full 15,000rpm hard limit currently and uselessly available in the current regulations).

Removing the MGUH does lessen some of the complications that exist but also lessens the overall weight of the powerunit, handy that considering the ICE weight will likely climb in order to accommodate the higher revs and load, which are already a large reason behind the overall powerunits weight increase - something that is often forgotten, as the loss of two cylinders but the requirement to make more power bloated the V6 significantly.

I’ve often talked about improving the capacity of the MGUK and it seems that this will play a pivotal role in these new regulations, but it comes at a cost - overall power will be down as currently the MGUH and MGUK supplement the overall power throughout the entirety of a lap.

Rather than just being a boost or push-to-pass system like KERS used to be the MGUK supplies 160bhp when the throttle is applied until such point that the driver adjusts how much electrical energy is being deployed or he runs out of energy (You’ll have heard the term “derate” used by drivers to explain this).

On top of this we have the issue of energy storage, as KERS being only a way of boosting performance had a relatively small battery capacity - 400kj. The current energy store can handle 10 times this storage (4mj) but is further supplemented by energy fed directly from the MGUH, otherwise it’d run out after 33.3 seconds of use. This is where the complication comes from with these powerunits, as you’re asking four machines (ICE, Turbo, MGUH and MGUK) to work harmoniously and deliver a linear amount of power, at the drivers behest.

From a strategic point of view then, I’m glad that the KERS style boost returns, however, from a technological point of view I think we’re taking a huge leap backwards. Lets surmise that the FIA, FOM and engine manufacturers, who’ve proposed this scenario, wish to double the horsepower available from the ‘K’ again - 320bhp, and rather than lose some weight we stick with what we have (a 4mj energy store), it’ll give the drivers around 16 seconds of power until the battery is fully drained.

The statement about the ability to ‘Plug-And-Play’ powerunits is a strange one as the current regulations are already pretty prescriptive in this respect, with mounting points specified in such a way that you should be able to drop one unit into another car, the problem arises with the peripheral equipment and how intercoolers, radiators and the like are plumbed into the car.

One area that has been completely side stepped here is fuel, with the fuel flow limit instrumental in the lean burn, high efficiency power units we currently have. If the sport is intent on the new engine producing the same level of performance that we currently have then this will need to be addressed. It's likely a fuel flow limit will be retained in order to control the upper ceiling of the engine of which I'd expect a figure of somewhere in the region of 120kg/h but bear in mind that might exacerbate the weight problem more as a larger fuel tank may be required too.

I'm not going to go on too much more as I've already covered my own thoughts on where I believe F1 should have headed in a recent blog post but suffice to say I think whatever has been announced here is far from the actual situation that will unfold. After all I remember a similar statement from the FIA in 2014 when they were defining the 2017 regulations and said refueling would be returning, yet I don't see it...
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30 Oct 2017
Ross Brawn's Mexico in Five


The future's bright
Come the end of the Mexican Grand Prix, Lewis Hamilton did just enough to take the Drivers' title to add to the Constructors' crown his Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 team secured last Sunday in Austin. So first off, congratulations to Lewis and his team for this fantastic performance!
Indeed, Sunday's race packed in so much excitement that it means we can be even more optimistic about what lies ahead for the future of this sport.

At the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez we saw established stars such as Fernando Alonso demonstrate that they still have the talent and a will to win that means they deserve to be given the means to fight at the front of the field.

We saw talented youngsters like Lance Stroll and Esteban Ocon shine in terms of speed and in their ability to manage a difficult race without making error. We saw an established, but still young star, like Max Verstappen put on an incredible display that brought to mind some of Michael Schumacher's races.

Finally, we saw two drivers battling for the title go wheel to wheel, dropping to the back of the pack and then fighting their way up the order, which was far from easy. Both of them were well aware just how important the prize they were battling for was. All of it leaves me hopeful that next year we can have an even more exciting and better championship.
Lewis a deserving champion
Lewis Hamilton deserved this title, the fourth of his incredible career. For much of the season he was chasing the leader, but after the summer break he found another gear. It's true that the way in which he clinched the crown yesterday was unusual. It's not often a title comes your way when you've been lapped. However, I have personal experience of the fact that, as you approach the final small step, it can actually prove more difficult than the previous ones. Today was probably one of those cases.
It's not just a fourth title that promotes Lewis to the level of the greatest in our sport, the Schumachers, Sennas and Fangios. It's the way he drove this year that really impressed me, especially in recent races. Even when his car was not at 100% he was able to produce some amazing drives, so really, congratulations to him for a superb achievement.
Ferrari step up
Congratulations also go to Sebastian Vettel, who was a worthy opponent. That fantastic pole lap on Saturday was really magnificent and even yesterday, having dropped to the back of the field, he did his utmost to fight for the title until the very end, once again showing how genuinely quick he is. He didn't do it, but I think that he and everyone at Ferrari can be proud of what they achieved this year and they have a great platform from which to start 2018. In Maranello, they know how to improve and so I expect to see an even stronger and more determined Ferrari next year, which should make for an even more enthralling season.
Masterful Max
I mentioned earlier how impressive Max Verstappen was on Sunday. The Dutchman has only just turned 20, but as a driver he is maturing at an incredible rate. On Saturday it looked as though he'd take his first pole and he was only denied it by virtue of a superb lap by Vettel. On Sunday, though, Max dealt with his closest rival with immense determination and a forceful attacking move after just two corners. From there he controlled the situation with consummate skill and the ease with which he reeled off endless fastest laps I'm sure amazed himself and the team.

And all of that at the end of a weekend that, for him, began in the eye of a political storm following the United States Grand Prix. It was water off a duck's back for Max, which is the way it goes when you are young. Of course the fact that he could rely on a car from Red Bull that has proved to be extremely competitive in these final stages of the season helped massively.
Magical Mexico
I want to congratulate Mexico for providing Formula 1 with an amazing venue. The crowd this weekend numbered 337,043 from Friday to Sunday and they were as enthusiastic as ever. I hadn't been to Mexico City since 1992, when we raced on the old layout, and I have to say I was really impressed. The warmth and passion of the fans could be felt in the paddock and the grandstands. The buzz in the Foro Sol is really unique.

And let's not forget that all of this took place in a city and a country just getting over the terrible earthquake that shook it in September. Well done too to the promoter for having organised every aspect of this Grand Prix down to the finest detail, including a whole host of spectacular elements, that made this a truly great week. Gracias por todo Mexico!
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F1: 2021 - Part II

If you missed the first part of this article I covered the issues faced in terms of aero as we head towards another tectonic shift in the sport and Liberty exert their will onto the regulations, making changes to suit their commercial interests but also, hopefully, improve the sport we (kinda) love. In this second installment I’m going to concentrate on the powerunits, why things went so wrong, what lessons can be learned (come on this is F1, we don’t learn lessons) and what’s the most likely outcome of any changes for 2021.

Powerunits - Noise, cost, performance and reliability

The hybrid powerunits have been the most polarizing element of F1 for the last three years, with aero being a problem that needed to be fixed for decades. However, this needn't have been the case had it been for better leadership.

Predominantly all four of the main issues could have been resolved if the sport and the people within it had done a much better job at framing the regulations and selling it to the fans. Instead the first articles that appeared in regard to them were key figures like Bernie Ecclestone and Luca Di Montezemolo blasting them, labeling them as a huge waste of time, money and effort and they’d struggle to sell the product to the fans, circuit owners and tv companies.

Noise

An early complaint that ironically made more noise than the powerunits themselves was that the hybrid technology had dampened the noise emitted by the cars to a dangerously low level, with fans apparently turned off in swathes by what many saw as the manufacturers hoodwinking the FIA.

The issue is not volume though, rather one of pitch, with the V8’s essentially wailing in a much higher rev range than the hybrids, which are artificially capped at around 11,000rpm rather than 18,000rpm.

2015 saw the introduction of separate wastegate exhausts, a token gesture by the manufacturers to change the pitch of the ICE, which will forever be quelled by the mere fact it's breathing through a turbocharged system that's further attenuated by the MGUH connected to it.

Cost

Formula One is a fragile economic eco-system, based on a model that was previously designed by the sports Tsar, Bernie Ecclestone, and whilst now outdated you cannot fail to recognise the wonderful job that he did whilst at the helm. The introduction of the hybrid powerunits was not controlled enough by the sport, this is a fact but since then measures put in place to hold costs and development down have also been derailed. The homologation process was the first to go by the wayside, enabling the ‘works’ entities to run a specification ahead of their customers for a period they see fit, whereas previously powerunit updates had to coincide with one another.

Then we had the abolition of the token system, granted the matrix was difficult for many to understand but I have to wonder how many people are that bothered anyway? Ask even the hardened fan about the technology involved in the V8 era, such as blown diffusers or cylinder deactivation and a bemused face will greet you. Formula One, like many endeavours in life is layered and we can make things simple or technically orientated for the fans, as long as it’s communicated well.

Circling back to the token system, which was scrapped in order that Honda and less so Renault could catch up with Mercedes and less so Ferrari, who’d stolen a march. The problem with this is multi-faceted too, with the frozen (up to that point) elements of the powerunit now reopen for development, giving Mercedes and Ferrari more scope with which to play with and stretch their legs in opposition to Honda and Renault’s advances. At the time I was bemused as to why, if parity is what was sought, did they not freeze elements of development for Mercedes and Ferrari, allowing the others a period to make advances on their rivals, much like an agreement that was made during the V8 era, when engine specifications were totally frozen.

Homologation and token system loopholes aside the single biggest issue with the hybrid units is that no financial ceiling was placed on their development or supply, with numerous teams feeling the pinch as prices soared to at least double of the V8.

A supply of V8’s for a season back then (2006) from Cosworth would have cost £5 million (€7 million, based on the historic exchange rate - 1.4), with KERS (2010 - estimated, as they didn’t produce their own iteration) £8 million (€9.44 million, based on the historic exchange rate - 1.18) and a projected cost of £12 million for a hybrid powerunit, had they continued development (€15.1 million, based on the historic exchange rate - 1.26).

Having seen things spiral out of control, the FIA have now specified the cost to customers within the regulations at €12million from 2018 (£10.5 million based on the current exchange rate), putting them in league with Cosworth’s projections.

However, one thing that always irks me in regard to cost is that for years everyone had talked about aero dominating the sport and the associated costs that come with it, something the introduction of these more complex powerunits would change given the additional engineering challenge. Alas, with no set spending or resource limits in play the teams and manufacturers rode roughshod over that theory with F1’s cottage industry still willing to churn out aerodynamic update after update, no matter the cost. It’s a problem exacerbated by the gulf in payouts to each team from FOM and income from sponsorship deals that they’re able to do - with the likes of Mercedes, Ferrari and Red Bull simply able to outspend their less wealthy counterparts.

Therefore the regulatory framework for any new engine is going to have to coincide with a redistribution of the sports wealth and with it we will undoubtedly see both a changing of the guard but also a reallocation of the pool of sponsors that associate themselves with the teams.

Performance

I’m not going to sit here and say the performance level of every team that competed in 2014 was acceptable but on the other hand we had a broken financial system whereby last place in the championship meant no money for the coffers and two teams that still trying to live the dream of being in a sport that was sold a lie - Caterham and Manor, albeit named differently at that stage had come into the sport on the back of a promise that a budget cap would be installed, something that may have helped them to compete.

We must also remember that the regulations had cut downforce significantly once more for 2014, whilst increasing a designer's biggest enemy - weight. In short this means you need more downforce to accelerate the car through the corner and so we come to our first impasse, where the chassis and engine architecture were not considered as one.

As soon as the teams started to claw back the lost downforce and understood how to run the powerunits at full tilt we did start to see some more representative times, in fact toward the end of the last regulation set the lap records, which have predominantly stood since 2004, had already started to tumble.

The headline figure being produced by the manufacturers is circa 900bhp, which is up on their V8 counterparts but of course up until the change in regulations this year they’ve been trying to accelerate what is equivalent to a passenger around the track with less downforce. As soon as that conundrum was resolved the lap times have improved and so it brings us to the cornerstone of any decisions that should be made going forward, the power-to-weight ratio.

Reliability

Remember races in the 80’s and 90’s? Remember races that finished with just a handful of cars? Yea, we have short memories and rose tinted glasses when it comes to looking back at the history of F1 don’t we… Whenever I hear complaints about unreliability from these powerunits I’m minded of this, we’re pushing the technological envelope here guys, why should we expect all of the cars to finish the race without any complaints?

However, put the shoe on the other foot and have a look at the best powerunit on the grid, then take a look at the retirement rate of the teams powered by those units, it’s tiny compared to the rest and goes to show just how good a job Brixworth have done. In fact if Christian Horner had managed to put a deal together to get a Mercedes powerunit when he fell out with Renault, I pretty much guarantee this article wouldn’t even exist…

Going forward

So, let’s strip this back to the issues at hand and take a sideways glance at the peripheral issues that might be caused by returning to a much more simplistic engine, as has been mooted. Word on the street is that part of the strategy group, another element that will hopefully be disbanded in 2021 - as it’s not fit for purpose, are interested in a more simplistic version of what is currently being used - A V6 twin turbo with a more powerful KERS unit.

On the face of it this solves several of the sports current issues and still facilitates the needs of the hybrid apologists, but is it the right way to go? Removing the MGUH deals with the issue of limited sound, given the ‘H’ attenuates the turbo’s rasp, quelling the rotational speed of the turbo as it recovers energy. The V6 layout overcomes the issues faced by the manufacturers who know too well that downsizing is part of their corporate strategy, as they look to meet environmental targets. The additional turbo means that even with the electrical energy losses the engine will be able to produce enough power to trouble the 1000bhp barrier, especially as it’s likely they’ll scrap the current fuel flow limit.

The other side of the strategy group, which includes Mercedes and Ferrari, have already invested heavily in the technology incorporated in the powerunits and feel that there are still legs in using the same technology. Their approach would see certain elements of the powerunit completely standardised and supplied by a single source, this includes the combination of turbo and MGUH, the MGUK, the Energy Store and the associated Control Electronics. In other words, a standardized ERS allowing development to put into the Internal Combustion Engine, with the fuel flow limit and delivery restrictions lifted slightly in order to add yet more power, raise the rev limit and increase the noise being produced.

Standardizing the ERS also removes a barrier for entry, allowing the likes of Aston Martin, Ilmor, Porsche etc a way of entering the sport without having to invest in technology that is already mature and makes it a more cost effective prospect - something that needs to be passed onto the none constructor 'works' teams.

Conclusion

It’s understood that the team assembled by Ross Brawn will present their findings to the teams, FIA etc at a meeting tomorrow (31.10.17), so I look forward to commenting on this as the details emerge. For me I’m constantly frustrated by the political motivations that shape these decisions and hope that having the working group has helped to keep things more balanced.

I’m also frustrated that Formula One always draws these lines in the sand just at a point when we’ve had a period of stability and the racing becomes much closer. Of course it’s still only been a two horse race this season, with Red Bull joining in when the circumstances suit, but Renault - having focused more resources and money on Enstone toward the end of this campaign and McLaren - powered by the Renault and with a decent chassis, are both shoe-in’s for an ascent toward the front of the grid too.
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29 Oct 2017
Trumpets race review - Mexico


Ambient 21° 

Track 42° 

Humidity 34% 
Wind 2.0 m/s

Prelude

Puffed up cotton balls of clouds floated lazily about as the paddock readied itself for the upcoming grand prix. The latest victim of Montezuma's revenge (aka penalty - palooza) was Danny Ric, saddled with a brand new engine and the grid penalties that accompanied such largesse. He was in good company, along with both Toro Rosso's and their destroyed turbos and the Macca's, victim of Honda's development scheme and or their own failings, depending on one's point of view. Regardless, one wonders whether Red Bull are having any misgivings about ignominiously ditching Kvyat who scored points for them and knows the layout of the Mexican GP, for Gasly, who not only doesn't know it, but due to their technical issues, will, essentially be learning it from lights out (sim driving aside, natch).  

According to Pirelli, strategy-palooza was a one-stopper, Ultras for 30ish laps then Supers, barring a safety car. Optionally, one could go for a 16ish laps and run to the end on Softs or even a 2 stopper, Ultra, Ultra Super or variations thereof, depending on traffic.

Sainz v Hulkenburg is on like Donkey Kong and it will be interesting to see Perez trying to make up ground to Ocon. With Hamilton needing to just finish 5th or better, the fun at the front will very much be down to Vettel vs Verstappen, though it was bandied about Hamilton's race pace looked savage on Friday, which could thoroughly confuse the issue.

Sadly, Mercedes failed to take my advice and inflict an engine change on Hamilton to create a proper dramatic narrative for today's likely WDC decider, but occasionally Motorsport has a way of stepping up when necessary...

Summary

Lights Out!!!!  Kicking start from Verstappen and alongside Vettel into T1 he went, and some minor contact, with Hamilton right behind, slicing the apex just in front of Bottas who had also gotten a superb launch and was smart enough to not leave the nose of his car sitting there. Verstappen kept it full alongside Vettel to take the inside on the next turn, along with the lead on exit and leaving Vettel exposed to Hamilton. Lewis took full advantage and was alongside and by exiting T3. Verstappen, sensing the threat left his car wide and as Vettel was on the throttle to try and continue the battle, he was right into the rear of Hamilton who was forced to lift (or be late on the throttle) to avoid contact with the Red Bull. 
The damage was maximum for Lewis, a puncture that that effectively demoted him to dead last, as he rolled gingerly round the track doing untold damage to the floor of his car, a long stint on Softs ahead of him with massive time loss. Vettel was in too, having destroyed his front wing on the back of first Verstappen and then Hamilton's car, but far ahead of Lewis, sole possessor of P19, also on the Softs. Sainz was in for the Softs as well, an ultra long one stopper now on his agenda, possibly the victim of debris from the Vettel's front wing.

The championship effectively over, with Vettel needing to finish P1 or P2, and the the front of the grid suddenly wide open, it was Ocon in P3, followed by Hulkenberg and Perez. Bottas had slotted into P2 during all the chaos, but was lingering 0.3 seconds or so off the pace of Verstappen and by lap 10 was roughly 4 seconds back.

Lap 6 meanwhile, saw Ricciardo in and race over, blown turbo destroying pretty much all the fun he might've had in the race, and putting a sad face emoticon on this entire trip for him.

Vettel was busy getting to grips with his task, up to P16 and onto the back of Massa, who was making his car as wide as possible. Hamilton, meanwhile, had almost caught up to the back of Sainz, still running dead last. Alonso and RoGro also had a bit of a tangle, with the Macca taking quite a chunk out of the side of the HAAS, as he made the overtake. Lots of radio handbags followed that incident as it was announced the stewards were going to ignore the first lap entirely.

Lap 13 and it was Vettel finally getting the job done on Massa, again with much dramatic commentary as Vettel was squeezed fully off track and reentered AHEAD of Massa. No immediate word of savage inquiries as Vettel took to the radio to defend himself in advance of the accusations that were sure to follow.

Ricciardo's turbo failure was starting to echo through the pitwall at Red Bull, as the failure was on a brand new engine, combined with the dual failure of the Toro Rosso's meant it was likely to be a race of conservation at the front as engineers chewed their keyboards raw.

Lap 16 and it was Grosjean, square in Vettel's sights, the gaping maw of his DRS waiting to pounce. Not quite enough and it was going to be the start of the next lap before Sebastian finished the job. Other oddities of the carnage early on was Ericsson circulating IN the points.

Lap 19 and Perez in for the Softs as Alonso was given leave to swap positions with his teammate and try and crack the nut of Ericsson in the Sauber. Further back it was Wehrlein slowing up Sainz and as a result, Hamilton that was causing the points leader to bleed massive chunks of time to his main rival, slightly further up the field. The Sauber was also gifting DRS to the Carlos, making lewis' job just ever that much harder. Keener eyes than mine also spotted that Hamilton was also running with a broken front wing endplate, also not doing him any favors in his bid to get round the Renault of Sainz.

Lap 22 and Hamilton officially was given the blue flag to let Verstappen by. The prior lap it was Ocon in and out with a new set of Softs, running P5 on exit, just behind Stroll who had chosen to stay out. At the front, Verstappen, Bottas and Raikkonen continued to circulate on the Ultras. Lewis' inability to follow Verstappen also raised the possibility of floor damage from running in with his puncture.

3 laps later and Sainz had the gearbox of Wehrlein dialed in as Hamilton loitered, letting his teammate by and sounding baffled on the radio about his inability to follow. His team told him to leave room and focus on cooling the car as his temps were marginal.

Yikes!! Hulkenberg suddenly out of the race and told by his engineer that the car was not safe, and he needed to exit the car by jumping off the nose, i.e. not creating a ground and potentially electrocuting himself. As if Sainz early stop had not already postponed the battle royale between the teammates to Brazil, this well and truly stuck the knife in.

Lap 28 and problems or no, Lewis got himself round Sainz and from the sounds of the radio traffic, it was the tyres not working as anticipated thanks to the loss of aero from his first turn adventures. But the team were on it and strategy alternatives were being percolated through the boffin's brains as Hamilton continued to struggle with his wounded mount.

P8 for Vettel as Verstappen approached the optimum pit window as predicted by Pirelli, having made his way by Alonso. Gasly put on a show getting by the mangled HAAS of Grosjean and Massa cleverly followed suit. But it was Hartley stealing focus in lap 32 with his car billowing smoke and told to rock the car into a safe place. Bang!! Virtual Safety Car and in for Verstappen and Bottas, out on the Supers. Hamilton was in as well and back on a set of Supers. Raikkonen opted for Softs and the next turn, it was the Ultras for Vettel, who had cleverly saved a set from qualifying.

Lap 34 and it was game on with the green flags back out. At the front it was Verstappen, Bottas and Raikkonen. Ocon and Stroll rounded out the top 5 with Perez within 2 seconds of the Williams. Lap 36 and Vettel was making best use of his Ultras, cracking off fast lap and reeling in Magnussen, P7 in sight, but with Bottas plugging up P2, much ado about nothing at the moment, but given the massive failure rate of Renault, not entirely over either.

Hamilton continued his pursuit, taking P14 off Wehrlein without breaking a sweat, but he was looking further up the grid, asking the team if the Ultra's would last to the end. but with 20 laps to go and 35 seconds between Sebastian and Raikkonen in P3, the math didn't favor Vettel catching his teammate, much less Bottas another 20 seconds up the road.

More immediately, it was Gasly the immediate problem for Lewis, targeting getting to the points and ending Vettel's chase permanently. Vettel continued to push, getting round the recently immovable object of Magnussen as Hamilton did the job on the sole Toro Rosso.

Red Bull, now very, VERY concerned about Verstappen's engine, asked him to cover Bottas' pace and not push, to which the Dutchman agreed. One lap later, the radioed back and told him he'd matched his previous lap, to which his only reply was laughter.

27 laps to go, and 20 seconds to P10 for Lewis who was about to despatch Ericsson to the depths from which he'd temporarily emerged. 7 more seconds and it would be P9, putting WDC beyond reach and at the limit of what Hamilton could achieve.

Lap 47 and Mercedes confirmed they felt P8 was in reach and as the WDC receded in possibility, the spectre of a late race Safety Car became the sole focus of the telly, despite the amazing trio of Ocon, Stroll and Perez circulating in P4-P6.

Lap 50 and it was Perez next up for the chasing Ferrari as Hamilton rocked up another personal best to close the gap to Vandoorne, his next target. Up the inside at the close of the lap with a glorious lock up and Vettel was by, with Stroll 4 seconds up the road and running a full second a lap slower than the Ferrari. Perez was in and out for new tyres as he had a huge pit window behind him, losing no positions and gaining a set of yummy Ultras to finish out the race and maybe do the job on Stroll.

Hamilton was into DRS on Vandoorne with 18 laps to go. Into the next lap and job done as Vettel lined up Stroll for P5. That went exactly as one might expect leaving Ocon 3 seconds up the road and 2 seconds a lap slower.

Being a well timed see-saw, as Vettel closed the gap, Hamilton was into the DRS of Massa, a tougher opponent for the Mercedes. Lap 57 and by Massa he went, into the points, an aggressive move round the outside that stopped a few breaths at Mercedes' garage, while at the front, Ocon finally yielded to the inevitable. Ericsson became a momentary diversion as he rolled into the pitlane, engine a proper  bonfire and race done.

11 laps and Alonso was next on the menu for Hamilton, whilst a massive 20 second gulf confronted Vettel to his teammate in P3. 10 laps, 20 seconds, highly improbable as at best Vettel had a second a lap in hand. Magnussen in P8 was giving Alonso a helping hand in the DRS department, stretching out the gaps down the straight as Lewis tried to keep the car running in cool air till he felt like he had it in hand. The aero loss from damage was making the stadium section harder for Hamilton, losing him time that was proving the difference down the straight.

5 laps to go and Alonso pulled a vicious chop maneuver at the end of the straight to keep Hamilton back. Lewis kept it up and out of T4 he lost the rear end and had to reset. The battle did take Alonso out of DRS on Magnussen as Perez looked to catch up with Stroll with a lap or so to go.

Lap 68 was a repeat of except it was Hamilton making the most of it and after a brutal 4 turn melee, cutback, inside-outside and finally it was Lewis getting it done. Or not, as Alonso was on the radio just asking innocently if Hamilton might've left the circuit. Which the replay made clear didn't happen but still, all the tools were deployed in defense.

Last lap and it was Verstappen, swanning it round for his victory but all eyes on Bottas as he hit the line for it was job done for Mercedes, clinching the WDC for his teammate now a 4 time winner and the most succesful WDC ever from Britain, surpassing Jackie Stewart. Head in hands as he rolled down to the far end of the straight, it was not doubt going to be a stunning party tonight as the tension in the garage finally was released. Vettel applauded him as he went by and he rolled over to a marshal halfway through the lap, grabbed a Union Jack and rolled it round to do some donuts for the crowd.

During the celebrations, it was worth considering that 5 of 6 Renault engines were retired today, something that will perhaps be a wee bit of a concern back in Viry, and perhaps, in Woking as well. No matter, as the only one to make the finish was in the winning car, the Red Bull of Verstappen. Which of course confirms the Red Bull ditch Kvyat and Max wins theory, but leaves one wondering what sort of sacrifice might be necessary in the future?

Bottas gets the award for best teammate of the season, as not only did he not destroy Lewis in the first lap, backing out and giving him room, but his mistake free drive guaranteed that Vettel had no chance to extend the championship, as well as a podium for himself and perhaps some redemption in the team after his torrid stretch of races.

Raikkonen held up the flag for Ferrari, taking P3 but it was the chasm back to Vettel that became championship defining. The young bloods had their day as well, cracking P4 for Ocon,and P5 for Stroll, but it's possible that Force India left some points on the table as pitting Ocon lap 21 when he was under no threat of the undercut trapped them behind Stroll when the VSC was called. The only way by was to stay out, but that limited their pace for the rest of the race, and left them both helpless when Vettel came a calling.
But it was the best of victories for Max Verstappen and Red Bull, overshadowed though it might be but the WDC celebrations. At Ferrari it will be a lot of long hard looks in the mirror as the chances for redemption are rapidly dwindling...
Thanks, as always, for stopping by.

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F1: 2021

Original artwork Jonas DeRo
The title sounds extremely ominous doesn’t it?.. Rather than a foreboding insight into a post-apocalyptic future, brought on by machines overthrowing their overlords it’s actually my first article on the impending changes that the sport we all love is going to go through in the not so distant future. That’s right guys, set your flux capacitors to 2021 as we do a Marty McFly and go back to the future, do our best to make a huge mess of things, spend an inordinate amount of time rectifying it and eventually change absolutely nothing,.

For all of its perceived failings Formula One attracts a huge audience, something many consider to be the side effect of gladiatorial style figures duking it out week after week around the globe. It’s a sentiment that seems to be held by the sports new owners - Liberty Media, who know that lifting the drivers up as idols makes marketing the sport a much easier prospect. The problem here lies in balancing that raw emotional prospect of warring factions with the engineering challenge that Formula One has always posed.

For me, as a technical analyst and someone driven by the intricacies of the sport a ‘dumbing down’ will be a bitter pill to swallow but I suspect that the team’s and engine manufacturers may also feel the same way. Afterall, Formula One is a high speed advertising board for many of the brands that exist within and they fight one another in order to show just how much better they are than their counterpart. Of course, I don’t disagree that long periods of domination by one team can be a turnoff, especially in an era where most people have the attention span of 140 characters or whatever length of video Snapchat is using these days. However, the heritage or DNA of the sport must be considered too and F1 is a team and engineering sport, always has been, always should be.

Thankfully Liberty Media have charged Ross Brawn with looking at and helping to shape the regulations that it’ll use in 2021, of which the Brit is amassing his own team of experts. Joining Brawn is Jason Somerville as head of aero, Craig Wilson as head of vehicle dynamics and Nigel Kerr as finance director.

As there are a huge number of factors in reshaping the sport I have decided to split this piece up into several articles, otherwise I suspect I’d lose your attention, given the total article borders somewhere around 6000 words. So, in this first sector (yup I went there) I’m going to cover aero.

Aero wake, DRS, homologation and ground effect

In terms of aero the question of quality over quantity has never rang more true since the sport made the almost universally detested addition of DRS. It’s a solution that was moreorless seized upon by the FIA, owing to McLaren and subsequently the rest of the fields implementation of the F-Duct in 2010. Afterall the aerodynamically stripped back racers of 2009 were heralded as the way forward when it came to resolving the difficulty that is faced in making racing close and improving overtaking opportunities.

As always there are numerous factors behind this failure, including but not limited to a delayed introduction of no in-race refueling, a return to slicks, the introduction of KERS and the double deck diffusers. All of these shape the bedrock of a race, from strategy, to weight and its distribution, to the wake generated by each and every car and how that affects a field of trailing cars.

All of the choices made for the aerodynamic regulations of that year were of sound reasoning -

  • Change the width and height of the rear wing, displacing its interaction with the diffuser and changing the car's wake profile, hopefully allowing a little more slipstreaming.
  • Widening the front wing to allow a physical barrier to the airflow across the face of the tyre, which would make wheel wake control more achievable
  • Introduction of a mandatory shape to the central section, which would limit the differential between each machine and give relatively similar flow structure to the rest of the car across the board.
  • Moveable front wing flap, allowing six degrees of motion twice a lap
  • Remove large bargeboards and aero flicks, reducing drag and the complicated aero wash they generate

The problem is that the teams, as they’re there to do, started to make huge downforce gains from long, stable, vortices created at the front of the car that helped to create rearward downforce too. These powerful vortices are primarily the reason you all blame the front wing for the issue of following another car and although you’re right to some degree, fundamentally it's the effect the loss the of these vortices have on surfaces downstream that are the key - Like a switch, turn off the front wing and you instantly lose rear performance too and that is what makes overtaking such a difficult aero problem as aero balance is lost during cornering.

(Therefore we need to look for ways to improve the front wings performance when trailing another car)

The 2017 regulations, intentionally or not have set about reversing some of these issues by taking away some of the front wings responsibilities, especially when it comes to generating downforce downstream. Of course, the wings are still overtly complex but at least this year we aren’t seeing an entire cottage industry spring up in order to design the various cascades, canards and flap angles to create complex and energetic vortices. Instead teams are focused on other areas of low-hanging fruit, such as the bargeboards and floor, as they’re given the freedom to manipulate the airflow more directly, taking some of the emphasis off the front wing.

They’ll likely return to the front wing in due course though, when in need of smaller gains that add up to an overall gain, after all nothing in F1 is new, just borrowed from somewhere or somewhen else. Perhaps then this would be a good time to re-regulate the area, give the fans what they want and strip the front wing of some of its faff? It may also be time to reevaluate a moveable front wing design, placing the responsibility and choice of how to follow another car in the drivers hands - not a gimmick but a driver aid.

Dare I mention it twice in an article? Screw it…. DRS - the Drag Reduction System is or has been a sticking plaster for F1 since 2010, one that fans and drivers cannot abide. “Destroying the purity of racing” is the line I see the most, as if there is such a thing, but in any case although I don’t find it abhorrent I do think it needs a drastic rethink - if not only to realign its image with you the fans. The issue for everyone from here to Abu Dhabi is that DRS is indefensible, such is the over speed that can be gained against a competitor. IF I were to have my way I’d change that and hopefully people's perceptions - making it a racing tool, be that strategic or for attack or defence.

For me the simple use for DRS, before what will eventually be a total removal of it (so say an introduction in 2019 and used up until 2021), is a limited use system. Rather than having to be within 1 second of a competitor at a detection point, you give drivers a set number of DRS uses per race and once they’re spent you’re done. That means it can be deployed in the given activation zones to give chase, to attack as it is now, as a form of defence, or strategically to improve laptime. This takes away the inevitability of a pass, could lead to some strategic cat and mouse and most importantly is less contrived, albeit not as pure as everyone would like but I’m still struggling to imagine an F1 that is ‘pure’.

If you’ve just choked on your coffee at my DRS suggestion then make sure you don’t take another gulp before going any further. One of the biggest spends in Formula One is the industry that has grown up around aerodynamics, a field that is entirely useless outside of many of the teams that run the solutions, let alone in the real world outside of the sport. This points me off down a path that many may disagree with but it might help, or hinder given your take on it, the issue of field spread. Now whilst swathes of fans seem interested by the notion of spec parts it’s not something I’m overly keen on, as it takes away a team's ability to differentiate itself from the rest.

However, I’m not adverse to an idea used in other forms of motorsport and in other areas of F1 - homologation. Imagine that teams are only allowed to design 4-5 specific aero kits each season, yes they can chop and change parts to work at specific circuits with another part. Eg, front wing specification one, with rear wing specification three and so on and so forth but essentially development has to become much more focused. Furthermore, waypoints are created in the calendar for when parts can be introduced, reducing the rush to market we often see, where parts are shipped out to races, without regard to the cost, externally of the usual air and sea freight.

“F1 should just use ground effect, that’ll get rid of these stupid front wings and make it easier to follow”

I’ve lost count of the amount of times I have seen this comment made to me under an array of circumstances on social media and in the various comments sections of sites I’ve written for, but just because you say or believe something doesn’t make it the truth. The reason that most people think that this would improve racing is that it works in other series’, but these are spec series’ where surface aero is limited. Now, take a look at what happened to the spec DW12 chassis when Honda and Chevrolet were given the opportunity to create aero packages..

Unable to make adjustments or improvements to the DW12’s ground effect package they went after surface driven changes, which altered the lift-to-drag ratio, the car's wake profile and their ability to follow one another.  Formula One would undoubtedly suffer the same fate, as whilst they’d gladly take the performance advantages offered up by running ground effect tunnels they’d also want to populate the car with surface driven, wake generating aero.

Having read that, anyone that says let’s just have a ‘spec’ aero package in Formula One, get out! You’re no longer welcome here ;)

Aerodynamics is a divisive topic for any F1 fan as you've been sold the broad stroke that if we went to a simple front wing, and perhaps less so a return to ground effect, everything would be fine, but I’ll guarantee you that won’t be the case, at least not in isolation. Before Formula One can define a new set of regulations it needs to first understand what are the objectives in terms of laptime (as the 2017 regulations have overturned years of ‘reigning in’, which as an aside in a recent interview I saw with Ross he alluded to the fact he hates the bristling aero that has come back this year and is eager to remove it. However, he knows that in order to maintain development this sort of thing - micro aerodynamics, is an inevitability), challenge to the drivers and engineers and perhaps most importantly the framework for the powerunit that will be used going forward (including its weight, as this will be of direct consequence to the aero that is needed).

As I’ve gone on long enough in this part already I’m going to call it a day here and hope you’ll drop me your thoughts in the comments section. In the second part I’m going to look at an another issue that polarises opinion - powerunits. I'll take a look at what direction the sport might head off in and whether that’s a good thing or not...

Part II of the article is now available and can be read here: http://www.somersf1.co.uk/2017/10/f1-2021-part-ii.html
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28 Oct 2017
Trumpets qually review - Mexico

Ambient 19° 
Track 43° 
Humidity 37% 
Wind 2.6 m/s

Prelude

The cool, high altitude track of Mexico City wreaked utter havoc on FP3 expectations, with Max Verstappen on top and all the top 4 covered by 0.170 seconds. That would be Hamilton, Vettel, and Bottas in addition to the Dutchman. It wasn't even his best possible lap as in all if his tries, he was unable to hook up the 3rd sector, leaving some time on the table to be found in qualifying.

Of course, it was not exactly smooth sailing for Hamilton either, who reported power problems and was languishing in P6 after his first 2 runs before finally slotting into 2nd. The team said it was a calibration issue, though there was no confirmation as to whether they sorted it before the run that put him second going into qualifying.

The worst news, though was reserved for Pierre Gasly who didn't even manage to get a solid lap in before his engine gave up the ghost, leaving him with about 10 laps at speed before quali on a track he's never raced before. Perhaps even worse, there was no sign as quali approached that his car would be ready. His teammate, Hartley, managed a rather more respectable P11 in a fairly unruffled fashion.

The battle at Renault wound up advantage Sainz, but not before both drivers, locked up and helped out by cutting the grass. It was a popular manuever, repeated throughout the weekend by the majority of the field.

The demotion of Max Verstappen at the US Grand Prix has seen a major publicity pushback from the FIA, asserting that the stewarding and rule application was quite consistent. Despite these assertions, a remarkable amount of off track furniture has turned up in the Mexican GP, primarily to keep those sorts of decisions out of the hands of the stewards.

Of course, the other demotion was the sad and undignified end to the Red Bull career of Daniil Kvyat, scoring his last point for the team and then being escorted to the gates where security met him with his belongings. So much for their new, touchy feely image, largely rehabilitated from earlier excesses.

In anticipation of next weeks tech announcement from Liberty, Christian Horner was once again wishing for maximum displacement V12s, along with rainbows, unicorns and world peace. Not content to  be put in a corner (and, dare I say, a wee bit jealous that F1 apparently was getting on fine without him) one Bernard Ecclestone lobbed some high hard ones, accusing the FIA of absolutely favoring Ferrari with technical regs, and suggesting that Mercedes had helped Ferrari with their engine, as they needed a closer contest to keep the paymasters in Stuttgart happy. He did not, however, offer any evidence to go along with his observations.

The technical challenge of the circuit is enhanced by its altitude, less dense air reducing cooling, power (10% is the number commonly bandied about) and downforce. HAAS has already admitted this will be it's worst circuit and they confirmed it with their performance near the bottom of the grid. But due to this peculiarity, it also makes the circuit less power sensitive, which has brought Red Bull to the fore at just the right time to liven things up, given the looming victory for Hamilton in the WDC (he needs P5 or better to walk it). The immediate question is whether or not Mercedes magic quali mode can force enough grunt from their engine to make up for the very poised looking Red Bull.

Summary

Green Light!!  Grosjean, Magnussen and Ericsson were first out to play with Hartley, Vandoorne and Wehrlein not too far behind. With the first minute gone, Raikkonen was the first of the frontrunners to rock onto the circuit. Vettel trailed him as Grosjean ramped it up for his first lap at speed.

RoGro owned the first 2 sectors, at least until Wehrlein came through and claimed S1. S2 fell to Vandoorne and as the Haas crossed the line the times indicated it was likely to be a 2 run time. But it was Hartley the best at least until Raikkonen and Vettel crossed the line, nearly 2 full seconds faster than the back of the field.

13 minutes to go and neither Mercedes or Red Bull had budged. Mercedes blinked first, sending forth Bottas, with Hamilton trailing. the Force Indias were out and doing battle as well, with Ocon looking to have the advantage in S1. Hamilton on the Ultras took top spot with a 1:17.518 as Red emerged, clad in the Supersoft tyre, copying Ferrari.

Perez won the first round battle at Force India as reports of mayhem in the Toro Rosso pit, as Gasly, sat about in civvies was reportedly told to get it in gear as the car might be ready after all. Hulkenberg rocked it in P9 and Sainz immediately went faster, P8 and 0.2 seconds up. 

Alonso to P5 as yesterday's anemic showing was put to rest, the latest Honda looking to be modestly competitive, at least affixed to its current chassis. AS the track emptied, Ricciardo on the Supers banged in a P8 as the rest got ready for their last go at Q2 glory.

Hartley was first out, on a dead empty track and nailed a personal best, up to P13. Vandoorne, Magnussen, Ericsson, Grosjean had it all to do with Wehrlein on the bubble. Hulkenberg had gone out and had another go earlier, his second go good enough to outpace his teammate.

The farce continued at Toro Rosso as Gasly was back into civvies, quite possibly the victim of a prank (no, really). Also farcical was Alonso's call of no turbo as he was back on track. Apparently it got sorted as he confirmed his form, and even nailed down a purple S2 to boot.

Done like a dinner were Ericsson, Wehrlein, Magnussen, Grosjean and of course Gasly, off in search of Birria. The rest turned it around for Q2 as the promise of a clean slate and the promised land of Q3 beckoned in the distance.

Vandoorne led the way followed by Bottas and Hamilton, all on the Ultras. Raikkonen trailed out by himself, and the a quartet of Ocon, Alonso Vettel and Perez, engines howling in harmony. Bottas pwned S1 as the Merc battle took centerstage. Hamilton through in the towel halfway through S2 as Bottas kept the throttle pinned, going 1:17.161 as Lewis reset to go again. 

But before Lewis got round to the line, Vettel crushed a 1:17.058, new track record, even as Hamilton was fully on it. And on it he was, going 1:17.035 awaiting only the appearance of the Red Bull.

Out they dutifully came and just as Verstappen was on it with 9:45 to go, Hartley radioed in a loss of power and out came the yellows. He was quick to find the escape route and rolled out of the way, but not before thoroughly ruining the Red Bull's lap.

No worries for the Dutchman as he put in a stonking lap, 1:16.524, to the sound of jaws hitting the floor around the world. Ricciardo wasn't playing the same game, 1.1 seconds off, having had to lift off during his effort for traffic. Sainz P7 and as they took to the track for the last go at glory, Massa, Hartley (natch), Stroll, Alonso, and Vandoorne had it all to do.

The Mercedes were back out, despite being well assured of making Q3 as Stroll and Massa led the way for the final laps. P11 for Stroll until his teammate crossed the line, putting him down a place. Ferrari, too, had come back out to play. As time ran out and the checquers flew, a purple S2 for Vettel promised improvement and it was P2, into the 1:16s but not quite enough to knock Verstappen from the top of the heap. Bottas failed to improve much but the Hulk did manage to park it just behind Sainz. Ocon, meanwhile, had gotten the better of Perez headed into the final session. Verstappen on the radio said that 1 timed lap was NOT the way to go, the double yellows apparently having worked to his advantage.

Massa, Stroll, Hartley, Alonso and Vandoorne were off in search of the tequila as the rest turned it around to tilt for the ultimate palmares. During the session the track temps had spiked and as the last session approached, it was up to 47°C, approaching the neighborhood that causes much hair pulling at Mercedes.

Verstappen was first out of the gate, chased by Bottas and Hamilton. Hulkenberg, Raikkonen and ricciardo were the next trio onto the circuit and Sainz, Perez and Ocon followed suit. Vettel waited and it was going to be a solo show for him. 
Bang!! Verstappen purple S1 but this time it was Bottas going quicker. Verstappen lifted off though as Valterri kept it buried and it was quite the trafficky mess as Bottas bailed altogether and hit the pits. This left Lewis P1 as Max turned it up for his 2nd and faster go. Vettel outdid Lewis, who was clearly on an inlap and Verstappen was painting the screen purple, going 1:16.574 to Ricciardo's 1:17.447.  As they loafed it in, Verstappen, Vettel and Hamilton had the podium spots locked up, with Ricciardo and Ocon and Sainz rounding out the top 3 rows.
3:41 to go and Verstappen was on his way out, trailed by Hulkenberg. A bit early for the others, perhaps. but his 2 lap prep required more time than the rest, who were going with the 1 lap outlap. And then the thankful news, Max was being investigated for blocking Bottas on his first effort. 
As the rest of the field were on it, back around went Verstappen as Vettel was lighting it up purple. Mistakes from Hamilton did him no favours as he tried to wring every last tenth out and P3 was the best he could do. It was a different story for Vettel, clean and serene with a 1:16.488 and into P1 as Verstappen and Hamilton had both wilted a bit, neither improving in their last tumble. Ocon confirmed his utter superiority as best of the rest with a P6, just behind the Finnish club, Bottas and Raikkonen, P4 and P5 respectively. 
Hulkenberg found some redemption further back, leapfrogging Sainz for P8 as the clock ran out and it was Ricciardo with the most 'splanin' to do, P7 to his teammate's P2. Of course, Hulkenberg and Verstappen are running the latest spec Renault engine, unlike Sainz and Ricciardo, so there is that to start with.  

Tomorrow's race looks to be ticking all the boxes, Hamilton in his race for the championship, and Vettel versus Verstappen for the top step. Thankfully, they DON't have a history of getting into it when things get tight...../humour. Toro Rosso have some work to do after both of their cars lost engines and at the back of the grid all the talk was cooling, which will be even more vital tomorrow. Importantly as well, no Mercedes on the front row in like, well, quite a long time. Teammate battles will be rather intense and of course, there has never been a race in Mexico without a Safety Car, since the race returned in 2015. Fun times!!


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