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Showing posts with label Mercedes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mercedes. Show all posts
22 Oct 2013
Allianz - Get Street Smart with Mercedes AMG F1, Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg

Allianz have been working with the Mercedes team and drivers on a series of video's highlighting the processes involved in producing a race winning car, the transferable technology that can be utilised in road cars and the increased safety the sport now operates with.  I last covered the series when they looked at the importance of seat design, for this episode though the focus is on the Monocoque / Chassis.


As explained in the video above the carbon fibre monocoque is now a ubiquitous design element of the F1 car.  It was first introduced by McLaren in 1981 with their MP4/1 and has since changed the landscape of both design and safety within the sport.



It's predecessor would be made from aluminium which although fairly strong doesn't have nearly the same type of tensile strength it's modern counterpart has.  Although both material will deform under load the carbon fibre monocoque is made up of many layers, with the carbon being laid up in many opposing directions to increase it's strength.  This invariably allows the material to flex absorbing load/impact that a singular material like Aluminium simply cannot achieve.  

It's also important to realise that due to the way carbon fibre is worked with at the factory the chassis can be designed in ways that simply aren't achievable in a material like Aluminium, further increasing it's strength and safety for the driver who sits within it.

Although the sports technical regulations restrict many areas of the chassis' design each team will still utilise their own design concepts to extract further performance from it.  Be it aerodynamically, safety or rigidity each teams chassis is catered for different needs.  Safety of course remains a paramount concern with the rules being constantly amended in order to decrease the risk of injury in an impact.

The Allianz Drive Safely campaign looks at many facets of how the team and drivers approach design and safety within Formula One.  A look at everything from helmets, HANS devices, tyre philosophy, strategy etc etc can be seen in more detail here:  https://www.youtube.com/AllianzDriveSafely with members of the team and both their drivers using relate-able methods to explain the intricacies of the sport.

This post is sponsored by Spreaditfast

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27 May 2013
The continuing FIA/Pirelli/Mercedes Tyre testing debacle

Having reported briefly on the subject yesterday both Red Bull and Ferrari lodged a protest against Mercedes before the Monaco GP commenced. 

Post Race, members of Ferrari, Red Bull, Mercedes & Pirelli were called in front of the stewards in an attempt to resolve the situation.  As I said yesterday in reality it's a problem that really shouldn't be raised at a race weekend but with such high media coverage available to Red Bull and Ferrari the prospect of causing a furore is an opportunity best not missed.

So what do we know?

Article 22 of the Sporting Regulations prohibits in-season testing with the exception of 4 days of straightline or constant radius tests and 8 promotional events (Limited to promotional tyres and 100KMS per event).  The other option is the three day young driver test but must be carried out on a date and track approved by the FIA.

Pirelli approached the FIA to ascertain if they could invoke a clause in the contract between the two parties to test a contemporary F1 car in order to aid in tyre development.

The FIA agreed to Pirelli's requests, with the understanding that all 11 teams were given the opportunity to complete the same test.  They also requested that Pirelli's team conduct the test, using the teams cars to establish some level of parity.

Pirelli state they offered the test to teams others than Mercedes but have not explicitly confirmed it was offered to all teams. According to Pirelli this is not the first time the tyre manufacturer have made such an offer either. 

The test took place in the week following the Barcelona GP and was conducted using a 2013 Mercedes AMG W04.

The team covered around 1000KMS during the 3 days they run around the Circuit de Catalunya

What don't we know?

Who was driving the Mercedes W04 during the tests? the use of any Mercedes drivers or test drivers being ruled out by the FIA in their requirements to holding the tests.

What Tyres were tested? Ross Brawn told us his team weren't made aware what tyres were being tested and only had the codes made available to them.  This means that Pirelli could have been testing anything from 2011,2012,2013 or any number of combinations of these and plausibly prototype tyres for the rest of this season and/or beyond.

Corners of the media have questioned if Mercedes took the opportunity to test development parts or setup whilst conducting the tests.  In an interview with Sky Sports however, Ross Brawn stated the team didn't conduct any of their own tests but instead completed a continuous program outlined by Pirelli.

We can safely assume that the FIA weren't present at the test as they continue to deny knowledge that it took place.

Ferrari have reportedly conducted a similar test after Bahrain (Although the circuit it was conducted at also remains a mystery) Ferrari however made their 2011 challenger (F150) available to Pirelli to conduct the test.

The use of Ferrari's F150 would certainly assist in the correlation between it and their own test car (Renault R30 from the previous year).  What it fails to do though is help Pirelli establish a connection to their modern counterparts.  I'd be interested to know what specification F150 they ran too, with Blown Diffuser's and Off Throttle Blowing coming to prominence in 2010/11 their own test car doesn't sport a Blown Diffuser or the necessity to blow Off Throttle. The F150 may have given Pirelli more of an inkling into the downforce levels and aero issues associated with this and the 'Coanda' style exhausts currently being used in Formula One.

Having therefore established the aerodynamic inefficiencies of using their own R30 when correlated against the Ferrari F150 (Discussed further in my previous article: Pirelli - Are they really to blame?) it would appear Pirelli sought to establish a direct link by virtue of using a 2013 car.  Afterall everyone is looking to Pirelli to supply a tyre that suits their requirements, but without the necessary tools with which to do so.

EDIT - My Twitter pal @PiusGasso has provided some images of the F150 (2011 Challenger) being used at the reported Ferrari tyre test. 


So if other teams were invited to test, why didn't they?

Data: The holy grail in modern F1, tests carried out by Pirelli in a controlled environment would lead to a data set that if made available to the teams could lead to disastrous consequences.  I'm not saying that Pirelli would allow this data to be made available in the public domain but it doesn't stop it being leaked and I'd imagine some of the teams had this in mind when they declined.

Where do I see things going from here?

The FIA's note to the media: http://www.fia.com/2013-monaco-grand-prix-note-media all but confirms the issue will be raised with the WMSC.  At the end of this no-one will come out of it a winner, if they decide to side with Pirelli/Mercedes the other teams will remain aggrieved, believing Mercedes have gained an advantage for the rest of this season.  If Mercedes are found to be guilty of deliberately circumnavigating the regulations numerous penalties could be implemented.  The result of yesterday's race however will always remain, the points issued however could be revoked.  Just as an exclusion from forthcoming races and/or exclusion from the Championship could ensue.  It's the severity at which the council find the rule break as to how a punishment is levied but they must also be careful (in my opinion) not to go to far.  Financial punishment to a company like Mercedes however would not sit well with the other teams and so I do see a penalty, if forthcoming being a point deduction or expulsion.

Pirelli also find themselves caught in the crossfire once more and whilst the tyre manufacturer are still crossing the T's and dotting the I's on a new contract this further puts their decision to continue supporting Formula One in jeopardy.

Moving Forward.....

The problems faced by any tyre manufacturer considering Formula One as a series to promote their product is relevance (the reason Bridgstone quit), helping to aid the show (the reason Pirelli got the current gig) and image (the reason Michelin withdrew when we had the Indianapolis debacle).

Pirelli have struggled this year with the need to rectify certain design issues with their 2012 tyres whilst balancing the requirements to produce a tyre that will result in a 2 to 3 stop strategy.  My article previously mentioned above shows the problems the teams have had with the aerodynamics of the 2013 tyres and moreover the scale model tyres given to the teams by Pirelli.

Pirelli have always been pretty vocal about their need for a representative car in order to test their tyres but in reality with how fast F1 moves with upgrades available at every race at GP's the only effective way for this to happen is for them to run their own car development program ( I know myself and ScarbsF1 are free if you're listening Pirelli ;) ) or use a spectrum of current teams cars.

2014 is going to be a pivotal year for F1 with a shakeup in terms of both Aero and Powerplants, causing the teams headaches already.  Add to this the potential for Pirelli or any other manufacturer brave enough to enter F1 the challenge of designing a tyre with a Goldielocks syndrome (Not too aggressive or too conservative). 

All I know is that someone will be unhappy, whatever the outcome and parity cannot be restored even if all the teams now went and completed a 3 day test at the Circuit de Catalunya with the same program that the Mercedes team ran.

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15 May 2013
Honda to return to F1 as engine supplier in 2015?

This is the rumour that will not die, most likely because there is truth behind with an announcement imminent from the Japanese car manufacturer. I have touched on the return of Honda back in October last year: http://somersf1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/mclaren-honda.html at which point I stated that in reality 2015 would be when we could first expect to see them back on the grid.

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6 May 2013
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The first 4 races of 2013 have been what we would term 'Flyaways' we use this term as the teams are all based in Europe but these races are on another continent. When F1 returns in Barcelona it will be off the back of a 3 week break, but whilst the TV camera's have stopped filming the action, work still continues in the factories on gaining performance on their rivals.
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10 Apr 2013
Interlinked Suspension and Mercedes FRIC

Teams have been using interlinked suspension for a number of years now in order to control either 'Roll' or 'Heave' or in the case of Mercedes both, which allows them to control 'Pitch'. The advantages of running such systems can be two-fold, helping with mechanical grip and aiding in a consistent aerodynamic platform.

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16 Feb 2013
Interesting features from Jerez Testing

The first 4 day test at Jerez was conducted and concluded a week ago and now the teams will descend on Barcelona in the next stage of their pre season tests, starting on 19th until 22nd February. As we all know it is difficult to conclude from the times set any concrete evidence of where the teams will match up this season. The times we see aren't representative due to many factors including fuel load, tyre life/degradation, powertrain conservation and general setup work.

I'd like to look at some of the interesting features we saw during the Jerez test that weren't present/obvious on the launch cars:

Red Bull and Lotus Tea Tray Support


Both the Renault powered cars have implemented changes in this area which as we know is key in the way in which air is moved downstream to the diffuser. I'm not strictly insinuating that their supports have anything clever going on, however as the area is changed from their 2012 design I feel it's worth mentioning.

Ferrari Nose Hole

Above: Nose used during Days 1-3 at Jerez

Above: Nose used Day 4 of testing at Jerez allows us to see an exposed duct in the F138's bulkhead

Above: Mario has kindly allowed me to use his illustration of the nose that features the larger cooling aperture

Having stepped out of the drivers seat Massa remarked that the car is a clear improvement over the early version of the F2012. He did however highlight the fact that driver cooling needed to be looked at. In this respect of Day 4 whilst in the hands of Pedro De La Rosa the team furnished the F138 with a new nose that revealed a much deeper and wider hole under the belly of the F138's nose. Speculation has and will continue in regard to the holes true purpose but the fact remains it's primary function is driver cooling.

The holes size in comparison to the aperture on it's predecessor and other cars using such a placement has many speculating further ramifications from it's placement. The size of the inlet could assist in the cooling of electronics and/or KERS aft of it whilst others have speculated that it's appearance could result in the team harnessing it's aerodynamic placement for other purposes such as DRD.
The nose of the F138 has been further raised from the position utilised on the F2012 and so it could be argued that the holes introduction could also aid in the drawbacks of the extended surface area under the nose (Boundary Layer Buildup) a change in profile in this region could mitigate further reaching airflow enhancements further down the car at the Sidepods.

McLaren Turning Vanes


McLaren opted for a very neutral design in this area last season following their adoption of the higher nose tip from Mugello onwards and I often wondered if there was a gain to be had by being more adventurous. Through their adoption of a Vanity Panel in 2013 the team have raised the nose of the MP4/28 further than they did last season and with this even more air is driven under the car. To control and manipulate the air under the nose the team have installed a pair of three tier Turning Vanes much like the two tier ones we have seen used by Red Bull and Ferrari in the past.

Lotus & Mercedes DRD


Lotus investigated the merits of DRD in the middle of the 2012 season and later shelved it, prefering instead to concentrate on a Semi-Coanda exhaust layout instead. The team have already stated that they will once again assess it's merits for 2013 and started doing so (if only very briefly) on Day 4 at Jerez. We do however know by the mere fact that the Airbox 'Ear's still adorn the E21 Chassis that this claim is serious and I suspect more work will be done in the forthcoming tests at Barcelona. In a contrast to their 2012 version the brief showing of DRD on the Lotus showed them with a revised Periscope. Previously their Periscope had met with the Mainplane whereas this new iteration (Like the Mercedes variant of 2012) finished short of the Mainplane.
However I'm not completely convinced this was Lotus showing their 2013 version as we can see they were missing the trailing part of the Engine Cover, Outlet Exhaust and Monkey Seat arrangement. Furthermore on close inspection of the Periscope no blow holes are present. So I look forward to seeing what the team test in Barcelona.
Mercedes also tested DRD during Free Practice sessions in 2012 and have revisited it's application in 2013 when they fitted it during Day 4 at the circuit. The W04's version of DRD featured a Periscope design like the Lotus E20's reaching all the way to the mainplane.
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9 Feb 2013
DRD – Drag Reduction Device - Passive Drag Reduction

Lotus introduced a system they simply designated 'The Device' during Free Practice sessions in 2012 as a response to the FIA continuing to allow Mercedes the use of their DDRS (Double Drag Reduction System).

The mainstream media I believe have caused confusion amongst fans as they continue to call the Lotus style system DDRS when the systems are very different. The term DDRS should be used when the DRS mechanism is used for a secondary purpose just as Mercedes and Red Bull did in 2012 when stalling the Front Wing and Beam Wing on their cars respectively. This secondary function of DRS was utilised by these two teams by means of holes placed in the Rear Wing being exposed when DRS was deployed moving airflow to other regions of the car.

DRD however is a passive system and requires no interaction from another system or the driver to reduce drag at the rear of the car. As Lotus were the first team to utilise the device I will use theirs as my example.

DRD is made up of several additional components with different teams having tried different configurations along the way in order to both assess it's capabilities and fit within their own aero configuration. In the case of Lotus we have 5 main parts:


1. Airbox Ear's - Starting at the Front these little ducts move air down the internal tubing (2) toward the periscope.

2. Internal Ducting - The airbox and ears have separate outlets (Seen in the image below) with the top one most likely the pipe from the Airbox Ear's that feeds to the periscope and the lower regulating the release of airflow from the engine as usual. 


3. Engine Cover Exhaust: Usually the engine cover stops much more abruptly at the rear of the car that when the 'device' is fitted. The additional exhaust section serves a few purposes: It allows the addition of the periscope that extends upto the rear wing but also acts as an exhaust for the airflow which exits into the beam wing Monkey Seat / Mini Diffuser.

4. Periscope: This is most important aspect of the whole system as it's how the air is transported to the underside of the Rear Wing in order to create the additional downforce at low speed and 'Stall' the rear wing over the speed threshold. In the picture below Lotus had the ejector holes taped over in order to stop the device operating (due to bad weather conditions) 

5. Monkey Seat / Mini Diffuser is placed / being used in order to take advantage of the situation presented by the device in general. By adding this Diffuser shaped Monkey Seat the airflow will be pulled through the exhaust as Downforce is generated on top.

So now we understand the sum of the devices parts lets look at how it works and how much of a benefit it could offer.

Air travels through the airbox ears out through the engine cover to the engine cover exhaust (depicted in blue), at a pre-determined speed threshold (measured by the team) the exit of the cover exhaust cannot extract the airflow it's being presented with. This allows the air to move up the Periscope and is ejected from the narrow slits placed on the sides of the periscope. The orientation of the slits means the airflow blows tangentially across the mainplane disrupting the regular airflow pattern sending the wing into a stall.  (In order to adjust the speed threshold at which the device stalls the rear wing you must adjust the size of the outlet)

The problem the teams have faced whilst testing DRD is the ever changing conditions (climate) and car changes ie ride height etc. Furthermore this season will represent a different challenge for the devices as unlimited DRS usage is now unavailable for qualifying. This puts the onus on all the teams to use DRD and reduce the drag wherever possible but the time required to calibrate the device for it's passive switch eats into valuable setup time elsewhere on the cars setup.

The speed differential created by reducing drag via DRD will of course differ for the given application and as we have seen throughout 2012 and 2013's Testing different approaches have ensued. The other way to look at is how much downforce are you willing to give up? Teams with more downforce to trade off could start their stall earlier resulting in a higher top speed. So in summary although the innovation behind DRD is fantastic to see, it's adoption due it's passive nature remains to be seen. In terms of gains I'd speculate based on the gains seen by teams using the F Duct that a speed boost upwards of 5/8KMH could be seen on the straights.

DRD is perfectly legal as it requires no moving parts or interaction from the driver, it's activation is passive and relys on fluidic switching. The periscope lies within the central 15cm of the rear wing making it dimensionally legal and so unless the FIA deem the usage to be un-safe I don't see this being banned for 2013. In order to prohibit it's use the FIA would need to amend:

3.9.2 - No bodywork situated between 50mm forward of the rear wheel centre line and 150mm behind the rear wheel centre line, and which is between 75mm and 355mm from the car centre line, may be located between 400mm and 730mm above the reference plane.

Here's what we have seen in terms of DRD thus far:

Above: Lotus' application of blue flo-viz here helps us see the effects of DRD, the V formation on the mainplane indicates that the airflow in this region has separated causing the wing to stall allowing for a higher top speed.

Above: Mercedes version trialled from Spa onwards in 2012 featured a periscope that fell short of the underside of the rear wing.  This would increase the distance at which the periscope could blow over the mainplane but would reduce it's targeting effect.


Above: Red Bull took the opportunity to test their iteration of DRD at the Young Drivers test in Abu Dhabi

Above: Although this isn't DRD it seems Toro Rosso were evaluating running a centralised device when they tested at Abu Dhabi.  Their appendage however featured two periscopes rather than one which could enable even more drag reduction.

Above: Last day of testing at Jerez (2013) and both Lotus and Mercedes placed their DRD's on the car to test but as we can see both have switched their design format effectively trying out each others designs.

As an aside we all know I don't have CFD in order to ascertain the credibility of my theories however as I have put forward in the past a way overcoming the switching effect required for DRD to work may be to introduce another flow construction enabling DRD's speed threshold to be lowered. To do this I'd look at the plausibilty of running DRD in conjunction with a mainplane hole like we have seen many teams utilise in the past. This may make tuning DRD easier as you now have another way of regulating the airflow in the central portion of the mainplane.


Lastly DRD has thus far been seen to be targeted at the Rear Wings Mainplane in order to reduce drag but just as Red Bull did from Singapore onwards with the use of DDRS I see no real reason why the Beam Wing couldn't be stalled through the use of DRD instead or aswell as.  I look forward to seeing if/what teams decide to implement in regard to DRD throughout the 2013 season.

If you prefer to listen to what I'm explaining in this post then I have also compiled the information in the following video:


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4 Feb 2013
Mercedes W04 Launch - Technical Analysis

Following on from the debacle Mercedes made of a pre-launch on Saturday the team have unveiled their 2013 challenger at Jerez this morning.


As we expected from first glance their isn't anything revolutionary on the car and just like many of the other teams the car represents a step forward from it's predecessor.

Above: Mercedes W04 - Front Wing & Nose

Above: Front Wing & Nose of the W03 at Interlagos in Brazil

At the front of the car the Front Wing carries over from the W03 which I’d assume like the other teams is simply a placeholder and we will see an evolution over the next few days/tests. The Front Wing Pylons are also a direct carry over from it's predecessor and are likely to remain unless the team decide to re-design their nose. In terms of the nose the team have opted to use a vanity panel in order to smooth out the central portion of the nosecone but the outer ridges and general flattened approach at the tip remain, giving the impression of a semi step nose.  Underneath the nose the L Shaped turning vanes remain (at least for now)

The team continue to utilize push rod suspension at the front of the car but have amended the position of the FOM cameras to a more forward position which alter the airflow presented to the suspension and control arm members.

 Above: The W04 Sidepod Configuration

Above: The W03's Sidepod Configuration

As we can see in the comparison images above some amendments have been made to the Sidepods and associated aero in order to fully extract performance from the Semi-Coanda setup. The Inlet has been re-sculpted and raised in order to further allow the airflow passage through the undercut, whilst ontop of the Sidepod we find an additional Vortex Generator.  In front of this the team used a singular cockpit fin underneath the mirror mount in the latter part of 2012 whilst now they have opted to place 3 fins each with increasing magnitude as they tail backward.  These fins help to vorticise the airflow that travels over the Sidepod reducing the boundary layer (Boundary Layer increases with distance).
The Vertical Sidepod Airflow Conditioner thats mounted outbound of the Sidepod on the edge of the floor has also been amended to cater for the re-shaping of the Inlet and Undercut.


As we can see in the rearward facing shot above the Sidepods top edge utilises a long downwash ramp to the exhaust channel.  The 3 slots to the side of the exhaust channel are used for exiting radiator airflow and will aid in the manipulation of the exhausts intended target.



The Semi-Coanda exhaust system the team employed throughout stages of their 2012 campaign has been re-purposed in the W04's layout.  The tail or overhang has been re-orientated and raised to better utilise the effects of the Coanda system as the team struggled when they first introduced it last season.  The Coke Bottle area affords good room for airflow with what looks like a scalloping of the floor leading the starter motor area making for gains in the diffuser.  In the lower image also notice the curved vertical floor strake which should create an elongated vortex between the floor and tyre helping to seal the diffuser by manipulating the exhaust plumes reach.  We can also see that the team have adopted a Tyre Squirt reducing slot ahead of the rear wheel to further aid in this area, however in order for this to be legal there must be a break in the floor which from the images we have of this area I can't see one yet.


From this aerial view it would appear that Mercedes like McLaren, Force India, Ferrari and Sauber have also followed Red Bull's lead in the adoption of using the Lower Wishbone to shroud the halfshafts negating the Magnus effect and how it effects the exhaust plume.

We can also see Mercedes continue to use their small throated entrance Monkey Seat and perforated diffuser gurney.

From the outset the W04 looks like a solid re-interpretation of the W03 we will just have to wait to see if Mercedes continue to assess the DRD they tested last season and as we can see from the last image they do have a centralised mounting hanger on the underside of the mainplane.

Check back throughout the day, as more images are revealed I'll undoubtedly pick up on more details
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22 Jan 2013
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The Mercedes-Benz press release talks of Brawn, Wolff and Lauda all being part of the management team behind Mercedes Benz Formula One Racing team. All are shareholders in the team along with Nick Fry with both Fry and Brawn keeping shares from the sale of BrawnGP. The arrival of Niki Lauda and Toto Wolff has got the rumour mill running amok with suggestions that Ross Brawn will be asked to step aside as the team's principal. Toto has publicly backed Ross and I see no reason for him to step aside, especially as Lewis' arrival at the team was largely muted as a decision made based on the old Brawn/Schumacher alliance. I'd not completely rule it out though as the last time Lauda was involved in F1 at this level was at Jaguar Racing and was instrumental in the dismissal of Bobby Rahal.

I've talked about the problems at Mercedes in the past and the burden of the team phasing from the Honda times with massive financial support to the cut backs under privateer ownership (BrawnGP) and then the shift back to manufacturer support with Mercedes. Mercedes overcame one of their largest problems last season when they shifted their focus to 60% Wind Tunnel modelling. This was both an expensive and time consuming exercise requiring new tooling to build the models whilst time would have needed to be spent on the Tunnel itself. The whole process surmounted to a lack of updates throughout 2012 and can be seen as a contribution to the teams relatively poor performance and slow adoption of the 'Coanda' style exhaust. It was however a necessary evil with the team wanting to be successful with the rule changes commencing in 2014.

The other rumour currently circulating is that Paddy Lowe will leave his Technical Director role at McLaren and take up a senior position within the Mercedes F1 team. Most are assuming that someone must leave in order for this to take place which could be the case but based on their current arsenal of staff it may however be a little wide of the mark. Bob Bell is currently at the top of the tree as Technical Director but both Aldo Costa and Geoff Willis have previously held Technical Director roles at Ferrari and Honda respectively. Aldo now directs the Engineering department whilst Geoff takes care of the Technology department, I suspect that Mercedes are hoping that Paddy could fill a void in the hierarchy especially with resources being further stretched by the 2014 regulation changes.

The long and short of the Mercedes situation is a difficult one not only with personnel but infrastructure too. 2013 represents an important time for Mercedes GP but with the exception of a win or two through attrition I wouldn't expect much from them in the coming season. Their efforts instead will be focused on maximizing their 2014 challenger in a bid to leap frog the likes of Red Bull, McLaren and Ferrari.
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28 Sept 2012
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I hear a lot of fans and media alike claiming that Hamilton's move to Mercedes is intrinsically linked to the new V6 Turbo engines that will befall the formula in 2014. I fail to see the connection behind this theory, yes this will be the first time since 2006 F1 has been without the V8 engines but Mercedes will allow their engine partners the same engines as the works teams. So with the same engine as McLaren & Force India in 2014 surely there are no advantages to being at the Silver Arrows?

However it's not the core engine that could make the difference for Mercedes it's the rise of the new ERS (Energy Recovery System) within the 2014 regulations. With core power from the V6 Turbo engines being down on the current V8 engines more focus has been shifted toward energy recovery and this is something that Mercedes may not include in their engine partnership deals.

This comes in two forms:

MGUK - Recovery and Usage via the drivetrain as KERS uses now will be upped from 60kw's to 120kw's maximum output. The current power allowed per lap is 400kj's and this has been raised to 2mj's (5 times the amount) at the current 60kw's this gives around 30 seconds of power per lap

MGUH – The pressure turbine (Turbo) is allowed a mechanical link, this is used to extract thermal energy from the turbo that can be repurposed at lower RPM via the same mechanical link. At high power outputs the turbo will create more pressure than can be used by the limitation of fuel flow within the regulations. This will be regulated by controlling the compressor speed for both harvesting and dispensing of energy. No limit has been placed on the amount of energy that can be harvested or dispensed by this system with the battery storage capacity being the limiting factor.

ES (Energy Store) – There is a minimum weight of 20kg's and maximum of 25kg's weight for the ES, based on current Lithium Ion Polymer Batteries 1MJ can be stored per KG giving a maximum of 25MJ available. You also have to consider packaging and battery degradation into the life of the ES which means more likely the ES could store somewhere around 15-20MJ's of power with 2Mj's attributed to the MGUK this leaves a sizable chunk to be proportioned to the MGUH. Assuming they wish to create roughly 160BHP permanently through the MGUH (average laptime of 1.40.00) they would need around 16.8MJ's of storage or 16.8KG's.

I believe Mercedes are pinning their 2014 hopes on the basis of an ERS system that is vastly superior to many other designs with them maybe only selling the core engine to their engine partners (McLaren & Force India) they may be able to steal a march on them. Having based my crude assumptions for power output and battery life on Lithium Ion Polymer batteries Mercedes may also have other technology up their sleeve. With a leap needed to be made by car manufacturers in order to make electric road cars more viable Mercedes may be looking to use Lithium Air batteries which can store around 9Mj's per Kg making the thirst for more power even more accessible.

EDIT 29/09/12

Listening to feedback on the article I'd like to add that MBHPP (Mercedes Benz High Performance Powertrains) currently supply their works team (Mercedes), McLaren & Force India with 2.4 Litre V8 Engines and KERS.  However as Red Bull have proven this year even if you're supplied something the team can adopt a different solution.  Red Bull are supplied their KERS as part of their engine package from RenaultSport but have this season also run with Supercapacitors on the floor in order to alter the way in which power is distributed and used.  Mercedes (GP) could indeed re manufacturer their own components in house not utilising all the components sent to them by their sister company MBHPP giving them an advantage over McLaren & Force India.  That's not to say that those two teams couldn't do the same and gain an advantage but the cost / R&D would be much larger.

I won't bang on about Mercedes short comings over previous years (already covered that in my article: The Trouble at Mercedes - http://somersf1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/the-trouble-at-mercedes.html ) but it's safe to say that Lewis' decision wasn't based upon the teams poor performances since their inception in 2010 or their slow development rate throughout each season (2012 being a prime example with it taking them to race 12 to bring the 'Coanda' style exhaust even though it's been clear it has an advantage from an early stage).  If Lewis has made his decision to race for Mercedes on a technical ground it is that he will be the focus of each car build and development plan each season coupled with the opportunity for Mercedes to steal a march in the regulation changes of 2014.  Where this logic may fall down is McLaren can take a poor car and by season end have arguably the best car on the grid, Mercedes have yet to show this ability and moreso seem to fall back throughout a campaign.

The Brackley based team have however been quietly amassing an arsenal of technical minds amongst their ranks with most recently Mike Elliot previously of Lotus nee Renault joining them as head of Aerodynamics, with John Owen reshuffling to Technical Director.  They have Aldo Costa previously of Ferrari as Engineering director, Geoff Willis previously of RBR/HRT as technology director and Bob Bell as Technical Director (Although this is a position John Owen now holds so I'm unsure if Bell has been reshuffled) who has worked for McLaren, Bennetton, Jordan and Renault in all sorts of aero capacities. Ross Brawn oversees all of these as Team Principal. 

I think 2013 will be a difficult year for Mercedes and Lewis as they try to adapt to each others styles, it is however an opportunity for them to build their 2014 challenger around their new star.
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22 Sept 2012
Gurney Trims, Tabs or Flaps and why they're important for the Diffuser in 2012

A Gurney flap is so named after Dan Gurney who first applied such a device to the trailing edge of the rear wings of his car's in the 70's. This was not a new concept however and has been used in flight applications since the early 1900's in order to make a wing create more lift to the deficit of more drag.

The Gurney is quite a blunt method of producing lift/downforce but can also help to rectify deficiencies in the wings design. It helps to trim the angle of attack of a wing thus allowing a higher angle of attack before separation occurs. In terms of flight, had a designer miscalculated the design profile of his wing adding a gurney may help to rectify the flight pattern, as such the same can be done with an F1 wing. The advantage of this in terms of motorsport is that you can continue to leverage more downforce from a wing by increasing the wings angle of attack, however by default this will create a larger proportion of drag. This is caused by the airflow on the rear of the wing being unable to sustain the same AoA and so separation occurs as the boundary layer increases at the trailing edge.

The FIA regulations mandate the height of a Gurney Flap be no more than 20mm on the Rear Wing's Top Flap but don't specify any further on how the flap be angled and indeed it's chord or design profile.

As we have seen during 2012 the teams are using Gurney's more and more with Front Wings being treated with them in order to create downforce in specific regions. It is however the area above the diffuser that see the teams utilising Gurney's the most this season with an array of different approaches.

With Exhaust Blown Diffusers having been outlawed for 2012 the teams are constantly looking for ways to further enhance the performance of their diffuser in order to extract more downforce and so this season have set about constructing more and more complex Gurney's.

Ferrari & Red Bull have lead the way with fully perforated Gurney's whilst McLaren now sport a similar design, however Ferrari & Red Bull have now added a further tier to their designs.

The perforation allows for airflow to seep through from the high pressure side into the low pressure region helping to maintain the speed of airflow to the trailing edge so the flow doesn't separate. This creates a more  co-efficient balance of downforce vs drag creating a more stable flow structure from the diffuser.

Above: Ferrari F2012 at Monza - Gurney above the Diffuser now has 2 tiers in order that more AoA can be run on both tiers

McLaren's Diffuser design has altered since Monaco......

Above: McLaren's Monaco (and previous) specification Diffuser Gurney saw the perforation extend all the way around the periphery of the Diffuser

Above: For Silverstone and Hockenheim the team simply lopped off the edges of the Gurney stopping it a few inches short either end


Above: Since Hungary McLaren have run a very similar design to both Ferrari and Red Bull with a fluted end that joins the edges of the diffuser

Other Teams have combined the usage of perforated sections with the usual blunt Gurney Tab

Above: As we can see from these 3 images Lotus, Williams & Mercedes all choose to run with a perforated central section to their Gurney.  Their approach helps in not only extracting raw downforce from the Diffuser but managing the effects of lateral tyre squirt on the diffuser channels


Above: Caterham & Toro Rosso showing that their use of Diffuser Gurneys can still be used as a blunt instrument with large vertical tabs

As shown by the leading teams this area is crucial in extracting additional performance now EBD has been banned and as the teams find further ways in which to manipulate the exhaust plume toward this area these Gurney Tabs, Trims or Flaps may become even more complex.
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16 Sept 2012
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Eddie Jordan threw Silly Season into full swing by announcing he was privy to information relating to Lewis Hamilton making a move to Mercedes. However this rumour alone has not the only impacted Lewis Hamilton, McLaren & Mercedes but it will form the lynch pin in the whole driver market.

Red Bull shrewdly moved earlier in the season to resign Mark Webber for another season and with Sebastian Vettel already on board until the end of 2014 the team can concentrate on racing rather than PR.

Ferrari have Fernando Alonso signed until 2016 further showing his status as number one driver within the team. Meanwhile Felipe Massa's seat with Ferrari has been in doubt all season, a recent climb in form may be enough to warrant his seat for 2013 whilst Sergio Perez spends another season with Sauber. Felipe struggled to come to terms with the F2012 and Pirelli tyres at the start of the season and marked Monaco as a turning point in the season claiming that he finally understood the setup required. It could be no coincidence that Felipe's struggles could be down to Ferrari's decision to run with Front Pull Rod Suspension, with Fernando Alonso being the last driver to utilise it to his advantage in his maiden year at Minardi.

McLaren are obviously at the centre of a battle between themselves and Mercedes over procuring Lewis Hamilton's services for 2013 and beyond. Lewis signed a lucrative deal with McLaren just before the economic downturn and it's understood that McLaren are no longer in a position to fund the same or better deal. Further adding to his requirements are his image rights and the relinquishing of any trophies the driver may win. McLaren have a history of insisting on their drivers being intrinsically linked to the sponsors that McLaren have onboard these image rights alone can be worth many millions if carefully managed and so XIX Entertainment will be fighting to release these from any further contracts Lewis should sign.
Jenson Button meanwhile has already been in this position last year and easily manoeuvred his negotiations whilst also being put in the frame for Red Bull & Ferrari seats. Although the team always give the impression that they favour neither driver it could be argued over the last 2 seasons their development path has been more favourable to Jenson. Could this also be a catalyst in Lewis' thoughts about a switch to Mercedes?
I've previously written about the relationship between McLaren and Mercedes which leaves us wondering are the two working on a deal that sees both parties win in the battle for Lewis' signature? http://somersf1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/could-lewis-merry-go-round-be-engine.html
Much has already been talked about the use of Mercedes global platform to catapult Lewis' image to a larger audience but I personally feel that if the negotiations are actually taking place he needs to decide if he is a racer or a celebrity.

Mercedes have Nico Rosberg signed for 2013 and beyond but with them courting both Michael Schumacher for a contract extension and Lewis Hamilton to sign on for the team could he be forced to leave the team? Using Rosberg as leverage in a multi faceted driver and engine deal / compromise could see the young German line up alongside Jenson Button for McLaren. Rosberg's driving style is not dissimilar to Jenson's and so could allow McLaren to focus their design process behind the MP4-28 solely on their more conservative attributes.
Ross Brawn has already alluded to the fact that their 2013 challenger (WO4) will be an evolution of the WO3 but has instructed the team to 'try out' things toward the end of the season in order to have a better chance throughout 2013. (They did exactly this at Spa with the own DRD http://somersf1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/lotus-mercedes-drd-drag-reduction.html – and took a McLaren Style exhaust, DRD and other bodywork to the Young Drivers Test this week in Magny Cours - http://somersf1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/mercedes-wo3-updates-at-young-drivers.html )
The teams DDRS system although innovative has failed to make a huge dent in a season that has seen the teams closer than ever. Meanwhile they have been lacklustre in terms of developing the WO3 and now with only 9 races left of the season although mathematically still able to contest the Championships really find themselves battling for 4th place alongside Lotus and Sauber.
Michael Schumacher's impact since his return to F1 in 2010 has been low key, however this year has shown that the old dog still has some fight left in him. Schumacher's best chance of further glory lies in the regulation changes of 2014 at which point he will be 45. So can the German convince the board in Stuttgart he can still bring them success or is this why they are moving for Hamilton? I fear without Hamilton's signature either in place of Nico or Michael the German Marque may decide to cut their losses with their own team and re-focus their F1 aims at just being an engine manufacturer.

Lotus in my opinion made a shrewd move when signing Kimi Raikonnen although he had been out of the game for 2 years Kimi had remained competitive in 4 wheel sport. The Finn brings a certain character style that neither McLaren or Ferrari truly harnessed. Kimi's goals are not driven by the celebrity limelight that some require but instead lets his racing do the talking. He is signed with the team for 2013 that may be forced to rename as their sponsorship deal with Group Lotus expires at the end of the season. I have seen Kimi mentioned by McLaren fans as someone to return to the team should Lewis move but personally I cannot see that happening.
Romain Grosjean is undoubtedly a talent having succeeded at varying levels of open wheel racing however his F1 career is always under somewhat of a cloud. Whether it's his first attempt at F1 with the Renault team after Nelson Piquet Jnr was dismissed or his current drive with Lotus. Boullier however is sticking by Romain and although his contract expires at the end of the season I expect he'll remain with the team for 2013.

Sauber are a team on the up, typically Swiss they always seem to be the most neutral of all the F1 teams. However behind close doors they work away on relationships that allow them to keep a foothold in the sport. The use of Sergio Perez who is part of the Ferrari Academy allows the team to create a partnership with Ferrari who also supply their engines, KERS and drivetrain. Notably Checo has been able to use the Pirelli tyres to his advantage throughout 2012 bringing him to the attention of some of the top teams. As part of the Ferrari Academy Checo will undoubtedly have his career manipulated by the Ferrari team whilst Checo joins a long line of drivers drawn into the Hamilton to Mercedes battle as the Daily Mail today infer that McLaren are interested in the Mexican. Meanwhile Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo has said that Checo is not yet ready to join Ferrari and so the temptation of a top seat with McLaren could test his mettle if offered a contract. The largest stumbling block I forsee in a move for Checo to McLaren are his ties to Telmex. Although Telmex are largely a South American concern any deals he currently has with the brand would eliminate him McLaren's radars due to their own involvement with Vodafone. As we can see from the C31 the Mexican's sponsorship is displayed on virtually every corner of the car (Telmex, Claro, Visit Mexico) with the Billionaire Russian Abromovich fronting the rest with his Chelsea logo's.
For a team like Sauber that relies heavily on funding from outside sources Checo must remain a driver for the team to continue in F1.
Kamui Kobayshi is a driver that will have warmed most people's hearts when he burst onto the scene with Toyota at Interlagos in 2009. He famously took on Jenson Button who needed to finish well at Interlagos to secure the 2009 Championship. Although Kamui has scored more points already this season than that of 2011, he has been overshadowed by Checo and I'd imagine like many others is struggling with the Pirelli rubber. Kamui is a solid driver and I see no reason for him to be replaced unless the cash strapped Sauber outfit do indeed lose Checo and need to balance the books with 2 sponsored drivers rather than one.

Williams acquired the services of the Venezulean driver Pastor Maldonado for 2011 and retained his services for 2012. I was recently at Williams for the FOTA forum where Sir Frank Williams lauded his driver for his dedication and skill set. I see no reason why Williams would want to replace Pastor as he brings plenty of money to the team and previously had success in GP2 with the Rapax Team.
Bruno Senna joined Williams having previously had arduous seasons behind the wheel of the HRT (2010) and replaced Nick Heidfeld for the end of the 2011 season for Renault. The Brazilian brings his own array of sponsors to the table for Williams and although going almost unsung hasn't had a dissimilar season to Pastor. Rumours are abound that he will be replaced for next season, however unless a driver of much higher talent or one that can bring much more money were to be available I see no reason for him to depart.

Force India have both of their drivers contracted for the 2013 season but have already stated they won't stand in the way of either making moves to higher teams. Both Di Resta and Hulkenberg have been linked with Felipe Massa's Ferrari seat and as possible replacements should Michael Schumacher decide to retire once more. Di Resta has more recently been linked as a replacement for Lewis Hamilton at McLaren should the latter make a switch to Mercedes. This may be fuelled by Di Resta's new management who also looks after Jenson Button.

Toro Rosso have already proven that their driver programme comes first when they ejected both Sebastian Buemi and Jaime Alguesuari from the 2012 plans. The Red Bull brand use the Toro Rosso team as a platform to find new talent for their senior team with Sebastian Vettel being the benchmark. Daniel Ricciardo jumped the queue during 2011 by being place with HRT in order to access his abilities in advance. With neither Ricciardo or Vergne showing the type of pace that Vettel did in his Toro Rosso days it will be a surprise to no-one if the team start with a fresh line up next season. This will leave the current drivers looking for drives in 2013.

Caterham have had the services of Heikki Kovaleinen throughout their various guises over the last 3 years. It does however seem that Heikki is done with his share of trying to help the team elevate through the grid and rumours have linked him to both Sauber and the seat potentially being vacated by Lewis Hamilton. Heikki has already been part of the McLaren team once in his career and so McLaren and/or himself may be reluctant to revisit the partnership. Vitaly Petrov found his way to a Caterham seat after a lacklustre performance for the Renault team. I've heard rumour that some of his sponsors are becoming disillusioned by his and Caterham's performances and may withdraw their support at the end of the year. I personally never understood why the Russian didn't find his way to a Marussia seat in the first place but he looks destined for there should the rumours hold firm.

Marussia may well be a further force throughout 2013 with their technical partnership with McLaren bearing fruit. The team have also announced they will run KERS for the first time during 2013 which will give them a much needed boost in order to chase the teams in front. Timo Glock is the lynch pin in the Marussia team and is signed on a multi year contract, however Charles Pic is rumoured to be unhappy and reports have him linked to Caterham, Force India and Sauber for 2013 drives.  Marussia could well place Max Chilton in the second seat in place of Pic (Thanks to @MarussiaF1Will for his fan perspective)

HRT the team if they are wanting to progress surely need to recruit some young talent in order to inject both life and money into the team. However De La Rosa's Spanish connection and years of technical experience inside McLaren may well see him keep his seat.  Both Dani Clos and Ma Qing Hua have connections with the HRT team and could see their way to at least one of the seats.  Meanwhile Antonio Liuzzi still has some connections to the team and could take up one of the seats again. (Thanks to @Lundo888 for an insight who is a HRT fan)

On the fringes – There are plenty of drivers out there that still either warrant a seat or warrant a shot at one but the most likely candidates would be:

Adrian Sutil – Was dispatched by the Force India team but has been touted to be talking to quite a few teams including Ferrari and a return to Force India
Jaime Alguesuari – Toro Rosso driver for 09-11 and currently keeping himself busy with the Pirelli test drivers role.
Lucas Di Grassi – Ex Virgin Racing driver and the previous Pirelli driver has now aligned himself with a test role with FormulaE (See my article on Formula E here - http://somersf1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/formula-e-future-of-motorsport.html )
Karun Chandhok – Ex HRT and test driver for Team Lotus in 11 Karun never really had the opportunity to show the talent he may have.
Jerome D'Ambrosio – Currently a reserve driver at Lotus and drove at Monza in place of the banned Grosjean
Sebastien Buemi – Currently a reserve driver for Red Bull Racing
Rubens Barrichello – Still wants a seat in F1 and could prove an asset to one of the younger teams.
The list of drivers that could/should step up from Feeder series like GP2/3 is huge but as Will Buxton mentioned in his recent article (http://willthef1journo.wordpress.com/2012/09/05/poisoning-the-well-f1s-underlying-problem/ ) the problem with this no longer just lies in the expectations of quality.

Lewis Hamilton holds the key to a driver market that will unravel when he puts pen to paper and why shouldn't he hold all the cards? Afterall he is a once in a generation driver who transcended the need to start his F1 career at a lower tier team and won a title in his second year (He should really have clinched the title in his maiden year too, although we'll let him have that one) 
You have to wonder if his desire to win races and titles can be matched by the Mercedes team. Their only win in 3 years came at a time when almost any team from 7/8 could have won a race as they all battled over understanding the Pirelli tyres. 
Lewis' decision needs to be one made from the heart of a racer and not one from the brain of a branding house.
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